如何利用Javascript生成平滑曲线详解

目录

前言

平滑曲线生成是一个很实用的技术

很多时候，我们都需要通过绘制一些折线，然后让计算机平滑的连接起来，

先来看下最终效果(红色为我们输入的直线，蓝色为拟合过后的曲线) 首尾可以特殊处理让图形看起来更好：）

实现思路是利用贝塞尔曲线进行拟合

贝塞尔曲线简介

贝塞尔曲线（英语：Bézier curve）是计算机图形学中相当重要的参数曲线。

二次贝塞尔曲线

二次方贝塞尔曲线的路径由给定点P0、P1、P2的函数B（t）追踪：

三次贝塞尔曲线

对于三次曲线，可由线性贝塞尔曲线描述的中介点Q0、Q1、Q2，和由二次曲线描述的点R0、R1所建构

贝塞尔曲线计算函数

根据上面的公式我们可有得到计算函数

二阶

  /**
   *
   *
   * @param {number} p0
   * @param {number} p1
   * @param {number} p2
   * @param {number} t
   * @return {*}
   * @memberof Path
   */
  bezier2P(p0: number, p1: number, p2: number, t: number) {
    const P0 = p0 * Math.pow(1 - t, 2);
    const P1 = p1 * 2 * t * (1 - t);
    const P2 = p2 * t * t;
    return P0 + P1 + P2;
  }
  
    /**
   *
   *
   * @param {Point} p0
   * @param {Point} p1
   * @param {Point} p2
   * @param {number} num
   * @param {number} tick
   * @return {*}  {Point}
   * @memberof Path
   */
  getBezierNowPoint2P(
      p0: Point,
      p1: Point,
      p2: Point,
      num: number,
      tick: number,
  ): Point {
    return {
      x: this.bezier2P(p0.x, p1.x, p2.x, num * tick),
      y: this.bezier2P(p0.y, p1.y, p2.y, num * tick),
    };
  }
  
    /**
   * 生成二次方贝塞尔曲线顶点数据
   *
   * @param {Point} p0
   * @param {Point} p1
   * @param {Point} p2
   * @param {number} [num=100]
   * @param {number} [tick=1]
   * @return {*}
   * @memberof Path
   */
  create2PBezier(
      p0: Point,
      p1: Point,
      p2: Point,
      num: number = 100,
      tick: number = 1,
  ) {
    const t = tick / (num - 1);
    const points = [];
    for (let i = 0; i < num; i++) {
      const point = this.getBezierNowPoint2P(p0, p1, p2, i, t);
      points.push({x: point.x, y: point.y});
    }
    return points;
  }

三阶

/**
   * 三次方塞尔曲线公式
   *
   * @param {number} p0
   * @param {number} p1
   * @param {number} p2
   * @param {number} p3
   * @param {number} t
   * @return {*}
   * @memberof Path
   */
  bezier3P(p0: number, p1: number, p2: number, p3: number, t: number) {
    const P0 = p0 * Math.pow(1 - t, 3);
    const P1 = 3 * p1 * t * Math.pow(1 - t, 2);
    const P2 = 3 * p2 * Math.pow(t, 2) * (1 - t);
    const P3 = p3 * Math.pow(t, 3);
    return P0 + P1 + P2 + P3;
  }
  
    /**
   * 获取坐标
   *
   * @param {Point} p0
   * @param {Point} p1
   * @param {Point} p2
   * @param {Point} p3
   * @param {number} num
   * @param {number} tick
   * @return {*}
   * @memberof Path
   */
  getBezierNowPoint3P(
      p0: Point,
      p1: Point,
      p2: Point,
      p3: Point,
      num: number,
      tick: number,
  ) {
    return {
      x: this.bezier3P(p0.x, p1.x, p2.x, p3.x, num * tick),
      y: this.bezier3P(p0.y, p1.y, p2.y, p3.y, num * tick),
    };
  }
  
    /**
   * 生成三次方贝塞尔曲线顶点数据
   *
   * @param {Point} p0 起始点  { x : number, y : number}
   * @param {Point} p1 控制点1 { x : number, y : number}
   * @param {Point} p2 控制点2 { x : number, y : number}
   * @param {Point} p3 终止点  { x : number, y : number}
   * @param {number} [num=100]
   * @param {number} [tick=1]
   * @return {Point []}
   * @memberof Path
   */
  create3PBezier(
      p0: Point,
      p1: Point,
      p2: Point,
      p3: Point,
      num: number = 100,
      tick: number = 1,
  ) {
    const pointMum = num;
    const _tick = tick;
    const t = _tick / (pointMum - 1);
    const points = [];
    for (let i = 0; i < pointMum; i++) {
      const point = this.getBezierNowPoint3P(p0, p1, p2, p3, i, t);
      points.push({x: point.x, y: point.y});
    }
    return points;
  }

拟合算法

问题在于如何得到控制点，我们以比较简单的方法

取 p1-pt-p2的角平分线 c1c2垂直于该条角平分线 c2为p2的投影点取短边作为c1-pt c2-pt的长度对该长度进行缩放 这个长度可以大概理解为曲线的弯曲程度

ab线段 这里简单处理 只使用了二阶的曲线生成 -> 🌈 这里可以按照个人想法处理

bc线段使用abc计算出来的控制点c2和bcd计算出来的控制点c3 以此类推

  /**
   * 生成平滑曲线所需的控制点
   *
   * @param {Vector2D} p1
   * @param {Vector2D} pt
   * @param {Vector2D} p2
   * @param {number} [ratio=0.3]
   * @return {*}
   * @memberof Path
   */
  createSmoothLineControlPoint(
      p1: Vector2D,
      pt: Vector2D,
      p2: Vector2D,
      ratio: number = 0.3,
  ) {
    const vec1T: Vector2D = vector2dMinus(p1, pt);
    const vecT2: Vector2D = vector2dMinus(p1, pt);
    const len1: number = vec1T.length;
    const len2: number = vecT2.length;
    const v: number = len1 / len2;
    let delta;
    if (v > 1) {
      delta = vector2dMinus(
          p1,
          vector2dPlus(pt, vector2dMinus(p2, pt).scale(1 / v)),
      );
    } else {
      delta = vector2dMinus(
          vector2dPlus(pt, vector2dMinus(p1, pt).scale(v)),
          p2,
      );
    }
    delta = delta.scale(ratio);
    const control1: Point = {
      x: vector2dPlus(pt, delta).x,
      y: vector2dPlus(pt, delta).y,
    };
    const control2: Point = {
      x: vector2dMinus(pt, delta).x,
      y: vector2dMinus(pt, delta).y,
    };
    return {control1, control2};
  }
  
    /**
   * 平滑曲线生成
   *
   * @param {Point []} points
   * @param {number} ratio
   * @return {*}
   * @memberof Path
   */
  createSmoothLine(points: Point[], ratio: number = 0.3) {
    const len = points.length;
    let resultPoints = [];
    const controlPoints = [];
    if (len < 3) return;
    for (let i = 0; i < len - 2; i++) {
      const {control1, control2} = this.createSmoothLineControlPoint(
          new Vector2D(points[i].x, points[i].y),
          new Vector2D(points[i + 1].x, points[i + 1].y),
          new Vector2D(points[i + 2].x, points[i + 2].y),
          ratio,
      );
      controlPoints.push(control1);
      controlPoints.push(control2);
      let points1;
      let points2;

      // 首端控制点只用一个
      if (i === 0) {
        points1 = this.create2PBezier(points[i], control1, points[i + 1], 50);
      } else {
        console.log(controlPoints);
        points1 = this.create3PBezier(
            points[i],
            controlPoints[2 * i - 1],
            control1,
            points[i + 1],
            50,
        );
      }
      // 尾端部分
      if (i + 2 === len - 1) {
        points2 = this.create2PBezier(
            points[i + 1],
            control2,
            points[i + 2],
            50,
        );
      }

      if (i + 2 === len - 1) {
        resultPoints = [...resultPoints, ...points1, ...points2];
      } else {
        resultPoints = [...resultPoints, ...points1];
      }
    }
    return resultPoints;
  }

案例代码

    const input = [
        { x: 0, y: 0 },
        { x: 150, y: 150 },
        { x: 300, y: 0 },
        { x: 400, y: 150 },
        { x: 500, y: 0 },
        { x: 650, y: 150 },
    ]
    const s = path.createSmoothLine(input);
    let ctx = document.getElementById('cv').getContext('2d');
    ctx.strokeStyle = 'blue';
    ctx.beginPath();
    ctx.moveTo(0, 0);
    for (let i = 0; i < s.length; i++) {
        ctx.lineTo(s[i].x, s[i].y);
    }
    ctx.stroke();
    ctx.beginPath();
    ctx.moveTo(0, 0);
    for (let i = 0; i < input.length; i++) {
        ctx.lineTo(input[i].x, input[i].y);
    }
    ctx.strokeStyle = 'red';
    ctx.stroke();
    document.getElementById('btn').addEventListener('click', () => {
        let app = document.getElementById('app');
        let index = 0;
        let move = () => {
            if (index < s.length) {
                app.style.left = s[index].x - 10 + 'px';
                app.style.top = s[index].y - 10 + 'px';
                index++;
                requestAnimationFrame(move)
            }
        }
        move()
    })

附录：Vector2D相关的代码

/**
 *
 *
 * @class Vector2D
 * @extends {Array}
 */
class Vector2D extends Array {
  /**
   * Creates an instance of Vector2D.
   * @param {number} [x=1]
   * @param {number} [y=0]
   * @memberof Vector2D
   * */
  constructor(x: number = 1, y: number = 0) {
    super();
    this.x = x;
    this.y = y;
  }

  /**
   *
   * @param {number} v
   * @memberof Vector2D
   */
  set x(v) {
    this[0] = v;
  }

  /**
   *
   * @param {number} v
   * @memberof Vector2D
   */
  set y(v) {
    this[1] = v;
  }

  /**
   *
   *
   * @readonly
   * @memberof Vector2D
   */
  get x() {
    return this[0];
  }

  /**
   *
   *
   * @readonly
   * @memberof Vector2D
   */
  get y() {
    return this[1];
  }

  /**
   *
   *
   * @readonly
   * @memberof Vector2D
   */
  get length() {
    return Math.hypot(this.x, this.y);
  }

  /**
   *
   *
   * @readonly
   * @memberof Vector2D
   */
  get dir() {
    return Math.atan2(this.y, this.x);
  }

  /**
   *
   *
   * @return {*}
   * @memberof Vector2D
   */
  copy() {
    return new Vector2D(this.x, this.y);
  }

  /**
   *
   *
   * @param {*} v
   * @return {*}
   * @memberof Vector2D
   */
  add(v) {
    this.x += v.x;
    this.y += v.y;
    return this;
  }

  /**
   *
   *
   * @param {*} v
   * @return {*}
   * @memberof Vector2D
   */
  sub(v) {
    this.x -= v.x;
    this.y -= v.y;
    return this;
  }

  /**
   *
   *
   * @param {*} a
   * @return {Vector2D}
   * @memberof Vector2D
   */
  scale(a) {
    this.x *= a;
    this.y *= a;
    return this;
  }

  /**
   *
   *
   * @param {*} rad
   * @return {*}
   * @memberof Vector2D
   */
  rotate(rad) {
    const c = Math.cos(rad);
    const s = Math.sin(rad);
    const [x, y] = this;

    this.x = x * c + y * -s;
    this.y = x * s + y * c;

    return this;
  }

  /**
   *
   *
   * @param {*} v
   * @return {*}
   * @memberof Vector2D
   */
  cross(v) {
    return this.x * v.y - v.x * this.y;
  }

  /**
   *
   *
   * @param {*} v
   * @return {*}
   * @memberof Vector2D
   */
  dot(v) {
    return this.x * v.x + v.y * this.y;
  }

  /**
   * 归一
   *
   * @return {*}
   * @memberof Vector2D
   */
  normalize() {
    return this.scale(1 / this.length);
  }
}

/**
 * 向量的加法
 *
 * @param {*} vec1
 * @param {*} vec2
 * @return {Vector2D}
 */
function vector2dPlus(vec1, vec2) {
  return new Vector2D(vec1.x + vec2.x, vec1.y + vec2.y);
}

/**
 * 向量的减法
 *
 * @param {*} vec1
 * @param {*} vec2
 * @return {Vector2D}
 */
function vector2dMinus(vec1, vec2) {
  return new Vector2D(vec1.x - vec2.x, vec1.y - vec2.y);
}

export {Vector2D, vector2dPlus, vector2dMinus};

总结

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